设计性研究性实验题目设置和教学方法初探

本文站在提高学生科学素养、培养创新型人才和增强国家科技竞争力的高度,针对大学物理实验教学中普遍存在的设计性、研究性实验题目设置"难",以及由此带来的教学"难"问题,提出了明确的思路和较实用的解决方案,对于全面贯彻教学基本要求,提高实验教学层次和质量具有重要的现实指导意义。     

On the use of averaging stopping power of recoiled nuclei for determining maximum neutron energy of 241Am–Be by superheated drop detectors

The average stopping power of the recoiled nuclei generated by neutron elastic interactions with the Freon-12 drops in a superheated drop detector has been used to determine the maximum neutron energy of the ²⁴¹Am–Be source. In an elastic interaction of neutrons with the Freon-12 liquid, the nuclei of ¹²C, ¹⁹F and ³⁵Cl with different values of stopping power are scattered. The stopping power of these scattered nuclei corresponding to the energy transferred to them through the head-on collision was extracted from the SRIM code. The stopping power values were weighted by considering the neutron–nucleus elastic scattering cross section and the number of each nucleus in the Freon-12 molecule and the average stopping power was calculated from known neutron energy.The maximum energy of the ²⁴¹Am–Be neutron source was estimated as 10.9 ± 3.0 MeV. The consistency between the determined energy and the other reported values confirms the validity of using the average stopping power in the superheated drop detectors. The average stopping power was also used to determine the threshold neutron energy as a function of external applied pressure at different temperatures. Knowing the threshold neutron energy as function of applied pressure, can be used in pressure scanning method for neutron spectrometry by superheated drop detectors.     

跨学科项目教学案例*——魔力沙

以魔术表演用的沙子为素材,开发了适用于高中选修课程“发展中的化学学科”的具有跨学科性的项目教学案例,该项目弱化理论分析环节后也可以用于初中科学实践活动课程。项目引导学生在更宽广的学科背景下认识物质及其变化的规律,帮助学生拓展视野和思路,综合运用化学、物理等学科的知识分析解决有关问题,发展“宏观辨识与微观探析”“科学探究与创新意识”“科学态度与社会责任”等化学学科核心素养。     

教育实证研究中样本选择的原则及品质要求

我国教育研究领域大力倡导实证研究,却面临操作指南缺乏和品质标准不够明晰的问题,导致高质量的实证研究案例不多。研究样本的数量及其代表性或立意是保证实证研究品质的重要因素,讨论了定量研究和质性研究中选择研究样本的原则,明确了实证研究论文写作中研究样本部分的品质指标及内容要求,利用构建的品质指标及内容要求分析了4个教育实证研究论文案例。研究发现,提升我国教育实证研究质量的任务还是比较艰巨的。     

高中化学项目教学案例——探寻柠檬水中的维生素C

选取“维生素C”这一生活中常见的还原性物质,面向已经学习“氧化还原反应”基础知识的高一年级学生开展项目教学活动。通过提出项目问题、师生共同拆解项目问题设计研究方案和子任务、学生实施子任务研究等项目教学环节,在形成相应子任务成果的同时,进一步帮助学生巩固从氧化性和还原性视角认识化学物质性质的认识角度,建立基于物质性质定量分析目标物质含量的实验思路和思维框架,提升学生对于氧化还原反应功能和价值的认识。     

Resource augmentation for online bounded space bin packing

We study online bounded space bin packing in the resource augmentation model of competitive analysis. In this model, the online bounded space packing algorithm has to pack a list L of items in (0,1] into a small number of bins of size b1. Its performance is measured by comparing the produced packing against the optimal offline packing of the list L into bins of size 1.We present a complete solution to this problem: For every bin size b1, we design online bounded space bin packing algorithms whose worst case ratio in this model comes arbitrarily close to a certain bound ρ(b). Moreover, we prove that no online bounded space algorithm can perform better than ρ(b) in the worst case.     

掺镱双包层光纤放大器分布泵浦方式下的优化算法

 利用平均反转率迭代算法计算掺镱双包层光纤放大器分布泵浦方式下的稳态速率方程组，并采用遗传算法对分布泵浦功率的大小和每段光纤长度同时进行优化。评估函数中引入了每段光纤中最高温度的标准方差，以确保每段光纤中的最高工作温度是相同的。通过优化，7段泵浦的最高温度和标准方差分别为126.34 ℃和1.95 ℃ ，8段泵浦条件下的最高温度和标准方差分别为119.76 ℃和2.12 ℃。而未经优化的7段泵浦的最高温度和标准方差分别为147.12 ℃和21.37 ℃，8段泵浦条件下的最高温度和标准方差分别为139.95 ℃和20.83 ℃。计算结果表明：泵浦方式的优化降低了最高温度和标准方差，实现了光纤中温度分布的均匀性，并且通过增加泵浦段数可以进一步降低最高温度和平坦温度分布。     

Position of starting spot in TLC: Influence on average plate height

Summary The influence of the distance between the solvent entry and the starting zone positions, Z₀, on the average plate height was studied. This factor was found to be of major importance and could be optimized. The Guiochon and Siouffi model greatly underestimates the plate height for low values of Z₀.     

Differential equation approach for the energy average of the scattering function

An exact differential equation is given to evaluate the energy average of the scattering function. The advantage of the differential equation as compared to the earlier methods based on series expansion is that one has to evaluate only single sums over the complex poles of the S-matrix. Using Wigner’s semicircle law for the distribution of the real parts of the poles of the scattering matrix, the earlier expression for the energy average of the scattering function is rederived.     

Heteronuclear decoupling interference during symmetry-based homonuclear recoupling in solid-state NMR

We examine the influence of continuous-wave heteronuclear decoupling on symmetry-based double-quantum homonuclear dipolar recoupling, using experimental measurements, numerical simulations, and average Hamiltonian theory. There are two distinct regimes in which the heteronuclear interference effects are minimized. The first regime utilizes a moderate homonuclear recoupling field and a strong heteronuclear decoupling field; the second regime utilizes a strong homonuclear recoupling field and a weak or absent heteronuclear decoupling field. The second regime is experimentally accessible at moderate or high magic-angle-spinning frequencies and is particularly relevant for many realistic applications of solid-state NMR recoupling experiments to organic or biological materials.